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China and Russia: Two Primary Challenges for Europe

On 19 March 2025, the European Commission published the Joint White Paper for European Defence Readiness 2030, an action plan aimed at strengthening the European defence industry and advancing collective security mechanisms.

According to the White Paper, the international order established after World War II is transforming. Strategic competition among major global powers is intensifying in the EU’s broader neighborhood, including the Middle East and West Africa. Transatlantic unity faces new challenges from increasingly authoritarian regimes. Accordingly, the document emphasizes that reinforcing Europe’s collective security necessitates greater investment and enhanced solidarity among member states.

The introductory section of the White Paper outlines the principal challenges to Europe’s collective security. Notably, the document devotes particular attention to China when addressing threats posed by authoritarian states:

The White Paper designates the Russian Federation as a fundamental threat to European security, asserting that Moscow will retain this status for the foreseeable future. According to the document, Russia remains a destabilizing force in the EU’s immediate neighborhood, including Georgia.

Furthermore, the White Paper identifies China as the second most significant challenge to the EU’s collective security. Notably, it asserts that the nature of the threats posed by China’s influence is strategically similar to those stemming from Russian expansionism. Consequently, the European Commission regards China as a challenge of similar magnitude to Russia.

The document characterizes the threat posed by China as systemic, rooted in several key factors:

  1. It emanates from a state governed by an authoritarian and undemocratic system.
  2. It arises from a state that seeks to attain primacy and, in some cases, supremacy through trade, investment, and technological dominance.

The document underscores that China’s status as one of the EU’s principal trading partners does not mitigate the reality of the threat posed by Beijing. Specifically:

  • China ranks second globally in defense expenditures, with a budget surpassing the combined military spending of all East Asian nations.
  • China is actively advancing military capabilities, particularly in nuclear, space, and cyber domains.
  • The opacity of China’s military expansion remains a concern, as Beijing does not publicly disclose comprehensive information about its defense capabilities.
  • The modernization of China’s military-industrial complex exhibits both quantitative and qualitative enhancement.
  • China increasingly employs political, economic, military, cognitive, and cyber strategies to assert influence over Taiwan.

According to the White Paper, China’s expanding military capabilities are significantly altering the balance of power in the Indo-Pacific region. Additionally, Beijing’s actions are contributing to instability across multiple regions, including the East and South China Seas, as well as the Indo-Pacific as a whole. The document warns that an escalation of tensions in the Taiwan Strait could severely impact the European Union, potentially restricting access to critical resources and key technologies. Thus, China’s maneuvers in this geographical sphere have profound implications for European security.

The White Paper underscores the necessity of enhancing the EU’s collective defense capabilities in response to escalating threats from Russia and China. It outlines a comprehensive strategy for developing the European defense industry by 2030, including measures to strengthen military cooperation among member states.

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A New Wave of Russian Propaganda: BRICS as an Alternative to the EU

According to reports published on March 15, US-sanctioned former Prosecutor General of Georgia, Temur Partskhaladze, has been facilitating investments from BRICS countries in Georgia, offering opportunities for business acquisitions. Given the Georgian Dream (GD) party’s shifting stance away from the Euro-Atlantic trajectory, the increasing engagement of BRICS investors in Georgia raises significant concerns. This development fuels speculation that GD might be considering BRICS membership as part of its broader strategy.

On March 15, it was revealed that Russian citizen and US-sanctioned former Georgian Prosecutor General Otar Partskhaladze has been assisting investors from BRICS nations in acquiring businesses within Georgia. To facilitate this, he established the brokerage company BIZAVI, which connects investors with business opportunities in Russia, Armenia, Kazakhstan, and Georgia. Notably, since October 2024, Partskhaladze has led the investment platform BRICS International Business Broker.

BRICS, founded in 2009 by Russia, China, Brazil, and India, serves as an alternative to the Western-dominated global order. Currently comprising over ten member states—including nations openly hostile to the West, such as Iran—the bloc asserts that Western powers disproportionately influence international institutions, sidelining the interests of developing countries. Consequently, BRICS pursues objectives such as:

  • Enhancing the role of the Global South in global governance;
  • Coordinating economic policies among member states;
  • Reducing reliance on the US dollar;
  • Establishing an alternative financial system.

Russia and China, as the dominant forces within BRICS, consistently advocate for a multipolar world order that challenges Western, particularly American, hegemony. The bloc’s influence now extends beyond Asia, reaching the South Caucasus. Notably, Azerbaijan submitted an official application for BRICS membership in August 2024, a move that has fueled discussions within Georgian anti-Western circles regarding the prospect of Georgia joining the bloc.

An analysis of the Georgian media landscape reveals that Russian propaganda machinery has already been activated to promote Georgia’s potential BRICS membership. On October 27, 2024, Alexander Dugin, the Kremlin’s chief ideologue, congratulated Georgian Dream on its electoral victory and advised the ruling party:

“Georgian Dream needs a strategy… They can make Georgia great again… and join BRICS.”

Interestingly, discussions about BRICS within Georgia’s pro-government media, particularly Imedi, intensified in 2024. A notable propagandist in this regard is Temur Maisuradze, a former Georgian Dream MP (2012–2016), who has been particularly vocal. In a November 4, 2024, interview, Maisuradze argued that Article 78 of Georgia’s Constitution impedes the country’s ability to join BRICS. He asserted that BRICS represents a step forward for Georgia, stating, “Refusing to join would be a betrayal of the homeland… We must become members of this union.”

Imedi’s founder and owner, Irakli Rukhadze, a key propagandist for Georgian Dream, has long opposed the constitutional provision mandating Georgia’s integration with the EU and NATO. He has dismissed this commitment as an unnecessary constraint, remarking:

“The entire nation’s focus has been diverted to this… It has been elevated to a sacred, dogmatic status… Why is this written in the Constitution? This is nonsense. If you ask me, we should not have written such things in the Constitution, which is a permanent document.”

(Irakli Rukhadze, Imedi TV, July 14, 2024)

Another Imedi-affiliated commentator, David Chikhelidze, echoed similar sentiments on December 23, 2024, arguing that Georgia could secure a distinct position within BRICS, as it is “a purely economic union that does not interfere in the internal politics of its member states.” Notably, Georgian propagandists frequently emphasize BRICS’s purportedly economic focus, contrasting it with the European Union, which they depict as more politically intrusive.

Regarding BRICS itself, Georgia has drawn the bloc’s attention amid ongoing domestic protests. The only article concerning Georgia on BRICS’s official website was published on November 29, 2024—the day after the Georgian Dream Prime Minister announced the suspension of negotiations with the EU. The article, titled “West Again Tries to Stage Coup d’état in Georgia,” aligns closely with Russian narratives, predicting that the protests will ultimately fail:

“The West is trying to stage a coup d’état in Georgia by organizing a color revolution, inciting mass protests and internal conflicts in the former Soviet republic, but protests by the Georgian opposition against allegedly rigged parliamentary elections will ultimately fail.’

It is evident that BRICS, a bloc co-founded by Russia, is not a politically neutral entity focused solely on economic development. Consequently, it comes as no surprise that BRICS does not respect Georgia’s territorial integrity. In June 2024, during a BRICS Sports Games, the so-called “flags” of Abkhazia and Tskhinvali were displayed alongside the Georgian flag. Against this backdrop, given the increasingly anti-Western and pro-Russian/Chinese foreign policy inclinations of the Georgian Dream, it is plausible that Bidzina Ivanishvili’s government views BRICS as a viable alternative to EU integration.

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Civic IDEA Cited by Foreign Policy Research Institute

Foreign Policy Research Institute referenced Civic IDEA’s reports in its article, China’s Georgian Gamble. The piece examines the evolving Sino-Georgian strategic partnership in light of the Georgian Dream party’s shift away from a Euro-Atlantic foreign policy trajectory.

Drawing on Civic IDEA’s research, the article explores China’s growing presence in Georgia, including its role in infrastructure projects, the expanding influence of Chinese technology in the local market, and the use of soft power.

Read the full article at the link below: China’s Georgian Gamble.

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The Dragon’s Smile: China’s Soft Power in Georgia

Civic IDEA is pleased to present its latest report, “The Dragon’s Smile: China’s Soft Power in Georgia.”

This report examines China’s soft power influence in Georgia, with a particular focus on Sino-Georgian cultural cooperation. It explores key areas such as the film and theater industries, highlighting the role of Georgian organizations and individuals in fostering cultural ties between the two nations.

The research indicates that alongside the deepening of Sino-Georgian business relations in recent years, cultural exchanges have also intensified. A notable example of this cooperation is the documentary film “Georgia-China – A Third of A Century,” produced by “Georgian Dream” Parliament member Irakli Mezurnishvili and released in January 2025.

Read the full report here: 👇

 

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How much power is too much? The answer for Georgia’s ruling Georgian Dream party seems to be just a little more.

In a sweeping new crackdown, the government has not only tightened its grip on protests with an onslaught of restrictive laws but has now frozen the assets of key civil society funds—organizations that provided essential aid to activists, protesters, and vulnerable groups. Among those affected are Nanuka’s Fund, managed by journalist Nanuka Zhorzholiani, Prosperity Georgia, run by former Prime Minister and currently a businessman Nika Gilauri, and Human Rights House Tbilisi. These three public funds have been crucial in offering financial assistance to individuals fined during the ongoing anti-regime protests or dismissed from their jobs due to their civic activism. This latest move comes despite the Venice Commission’s urgent warning that these legislative changes grant authorities dangerously broad discretion, increasing the risk of abuse.

The speed and severity of these measures paint a clear picture: dissent is no longer just discouraged; it is being systematically dismantled and criminalized. On March 17, the Georgian Prosecutor’s Office announced freezing bank accounts belonging to several independent funds, including the well-known “Shame” movement and “Tbilisi Human Rights House.” The justification? Allegations that these organizations were financing “violent” protests—claims that, in the absence of compelling evidence, seem more like a pretext for the financial suffocation of civil society and, more importantly, activists and protest participants. These funds had long served as lifelines, covering medical expenses, administrative fines, and other support for those targeted by the regime’s ever-expanding repressive toolkit.

The crackdown directly connects with the government’s sweeping amendments to administrative law, drastically increasing fines and penalties for protest-related offenses. Under the new legal framework, individuals can face crippling fines of 5,000 GEL (1800 USD) for minor infractions such as blocking roads or engaging in so-called “illegal” gatherings. Protesters and activists, many of whom have been detained under vague charges like “petty hooliganism” or “insulting an official,” have relied on these civil society funds to cover these exorbitant penalties. Now, the authorities are branding these very acts of solidarity as criminal, accusing the frozen funds of “financing illegal activities” and “encouraging civil unrest.”

In a now-familiar pattern, authorities framed these crackdowns as a necessary response to threats against national stability. The Prosecutor’s Office alleged that protests had turned violent, citing instances of police injuries and property damage. But eyewitness accounts and independent reports suggest a different reality—one where disproportionate police force, arbitrary detentions, and sweeping accusations against activists are the norm. The government’s narrative of external subversion conveniently ignores its own role in escalating tensions.

International watchdogs have sounded the alarm, with the OSCE’s Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) categorically stating that the new laws violate Georgia’s obligations under international human rights law. They warn of a dangerous precedent: the right to peaceful assembly could become meaningless under Georgian law if such measures stand unchallenged. The European Union and other international partners now face a pressing question—how to respond to an increasingly authoritarian government that remains rhetorically pro-European while systematically eroding democratic norms?

The message from Georgian Dream is clear: protests will be punished, dissent will be costly, and even acts of solidarity will be treated as crimes. What was once a promising democracy is being dismantled piece by piece, paving the way for an oligarchic banana republic where power is absolute and accountability is extinct. Whether the world will push back remains to be seen—but history shows that pressure works. In Venezuela, Iran, Belarus, and beyond, international banks and institutions have defied politically motivated asset freezes, forcing cracks in authoritarian overreach. Georgia’s case should be no different. If democratic values still mean anything, now is the time to act. How much further must this go before the world refuses to look away?

With these vital sources of support now frozen and seized, ordinary citizens are stepping up to fill the gap – grassroots efforts like this GoFundMe campaign have emerged to assist those targeted by the government’s escalating repression.

How much power is too much? The answer for Georgia’s ruling Georgian Dream party seems to be just a little more. Read More »

Civic IDEA Cited in Table Briefings Article

Civic IDEA’s Chairperson, Tinatin Khidasheli, has been cited in the article “Geopolitics: How Georgia is Making Itself Dependent on China” by Lisa-Martina Klein, published in Table Briefings

The article examines the Georgian Dream government’s increasingly pro-Chinese policy, highlighting its shift away from the country’s original EU integration path. It discusses China’s involvement in major infrastructure projects, including the Anaklia Deep Sea Port, while also addressing the challenges and concerns associated with such engagements.

In the concluding section, the author references Khidasheli’s perspective on Sino-Georgian relations, describing the current ties as being “slave to Beijing.” Emphasizing Georgia’s inevitable trajectory toward the EU, Khidasheli raises concerns over the dominance of Chinese companies in Georgia’s state procurement market, stating:

“The problem we have with China, and as long as this government remains in office, this will continue, is the dominance of Chinese companies in the Georgian state procurement market.”

The full article: Geopolitics: How Georgia is Making Itself Dependent on China.

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Tinatin Khidasheli Cited in a Springer Journal

Civic IDEA’s Chairperson, Tinatin Khidasheli, has been cited in the article “Hotspot Geopolitics: Political Economy of the Belt and Road Initiative in South Caucasus”, published in Springer’s Chinese Political Science Review journal.

Authored by Mher D. Sahakyan and Kevin Lo, the article explores the geopolitical and geoeconomic opportunities and challenges presented by China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in the South Caucasus region. It provides an in-depth analysis of Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia’s relations with Beijing.

In the case of Georgia, the authors reference Khidasheli’s insights on the Sino-Georgian Strategic Partnership and economic relations.

Full article:  “Hotspot Geopolitics: Political Economy of the Belt and Road Initiative in South Caucasus”.

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Georgian Dream’s Surveillance of Protesters through Chinese Cameras

Civic IDEA’s new report examines the growing use of Chinese surveillance cameras by the ruling Georgian Dream party in various locations, including near the Parliament building, where peaceful demonstrations continue.

In January and February 2025, the Public Safety Command Center 112 significantly increased its procurement of Chinese surveillance cameras, highlighting a rising trend in the use of such technologies to monitor Georgian citizens engaged in protests.

The report underscores key concerns associated with the use of Chinese surveillance technologies, including their implications for human rights violations.

For further details, please refer to the full report below: 👇

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Beijing’s Black Sea Push: A New Maritime Frontier

Georgia is facing its most acute political crisis. Protests have continued for 106 days, with unwavering demands for new elections. However, as global attention remains fixed on broader security challenges, Georgia is receiving relatively less focus than in previous crises. 

The ruling party, Georgian Dream, sees this as an opportunity to push forward its hidden deals – including the attempted sale of the Anaklia Port to China. Our latest research, Beijing’s Black Sea Push: A New Maritime Frontier, delves into the implications of this shift. With Georgia’s strategic location at the intersection of Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, the Anaklia port is poised to become a crucial hub for China’s Belt and Road Initiative, potentially reshaping regional trade and security dynamics. The consequences for Western engagement, economic leverage, and geopolitical stability are significant. This issue is too important to ignore.

Read our full report to understand how these developments affect Georgia’s future and the broader balance of power in the region:

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Tinatin Khidasheli Speaks at the Paris Security and Strategy Forum

The chairwomen of “Civic IDEA” Tinatin Khidasheli participated in the Paris Security and Strategy Forum as a speaker on the panel “The Black Sea: Between Conflicts and EU Enlargement Perspectives.”

Her speech addressed Georgia’s role in the region, highlighting the relocation of the Russian fleet to Ochamchire in occupied Abkhazia and the potential Chinese takeover of the Anaklia deep-sea port. She also raised concerns about the Georgian Dream government’s growing alignment with Russia, questioning whether Tbilisi risks becoming a Russian puppet regime.

The forum, which explored Europe’s evolving defense and security architectures, focused on key transformations in transatlantic relations, NATO-EU cooperation, and Europe’s geopolitical role amid ongoing conflicts. Discussions covered the impact of the war in Ukraine, the need for a stronger European defense industry, and the new challenges posed by cyber warfare, disinformation, and strategic influence.

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